GFORTRAN(1)                           GNU                          GFORTRAN(1)



NAME
       gfortran - GNU Fortran compiler

SYNOPSIS
       gfortran [-c|-S|-E]
                [-g] [-pg] [-Olevel]
                [-Wwarn...] [-pedantic]
                [-Idir...] [-Ldir...]
                [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]
                [-foption...]
                [-mmachine-option...]
                [-o outfile] infile...

       Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the
       remainder.

DESCRIPTION
       The gfortran command supports all the options supported by the gcc
       command.  Only options specific to GNU Fortran are documented here.

       All GCC and GNU Fortran options are accepted both by gfortran and by
       gcc (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as g++),
       since adding GNU Fortran to the GCC distribution enables acceptance of
       GNU Fortran options by all of the relevant drivers.

       In some cases, options have positive and negative forms; the negative
       form of -ffoo would be -fno-foo.  This manual documents only one of
       these two forms, whichever one is not the default.

OPTIONS
       Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped
       by type.  Explanations are in the following sections.

       Fortran Language Options
           -fall-intrinsics -fbackslash -fcray-pointer -fd-lines-as-code
           -fd-lines-as-comments -fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8
           -fdefault-real-8 -fdollar-ok -ffixed-line-length-n
           -ffixed-line-length-none -ffree-form -ffree-line-length-n
           -ffree-line-length-none -fimplicit-none -finteger-4-integer-8
           -fmax-identifier-length -fmodule-private -fno-fixed-form
           -fno-range-check -fopenmp -freal-4-real-10 -freal-4-real-16
           -freal-4-real-8 -freal-8-real-10 -freal-8-real-16 -freal-8-real-4
           -std=std

       Preprocessing Options
           -A-question[=answer] -Aquestion=answer -C -CC -Dmacro[=defn] -H -P
           -Umacro -cpp -dD -dI -dM -dN -dU -fworking-directory -imultilib dir
           -iprefix file -iquote -isysroot dir -isystem dir -nocpp -nostdinc
           -undef

       Error and Warning Options
           -Waliasing -Wall -Wampersand -Warray-bounds -Wcharacter-truncation
           -Wconversion -Wfunction-elimination -Wimplicit-interface
           -Wimplicit-procedure -Wintrinsic-shadow -Wintrinsics-std
           -Wline-truncation -Wno-align-commons -Wno-tabs -Wreal-q-constant
           -Wsurprising -Wunderflow -Wunused-parameter -fmax-errors=n
           -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors

       Debugging Options
           -fbacktrace -fdump-fortran-optimized -fdump-fortran-original
           -fdump-parse-tree -ffpe-trap=list

       Directory Options
           -Idir  -Jdir -fintrinsic-modules-path dir

       Link Options
           -static-libgfortran

       Runtime Options
           -fconvert=conversion -fmax-subrecord-length=length -fno-range-check
           -frecord-marker=length -fsign-zero

       Code Generation Options
           -faggressive-function-elimination -fblas-matmul-limit=n
           -fbounds-check -fcheck-array-temporaries
           -fcheck=<all|array-temps|bounds|do|mem|pointer|recursion>
           -fcoarray=<none|single|lib> -fexternal-blas -ff2c
           -ffrontend-optimize -finit-character=n -finit-integer=n
           -finit-local-zero -finit-logical=<true|false>
           -finit-real=<zero|inf|-inf|nan|snan> -fmax-array-constructor=n
           -fmax-stack-var-size=n -fno-align-commons -fno-automatic
           -fno-protect-parens -fno-underscoring -fno-whole-file
           -fsecond-underscore -fpack-derived -frealloc-lhs -frecursive
           -frepack-arrays -fshort-enums -fstack-arrays

   Options controlling Fortran dialect
       The following options control the details of the Fortran dialect
       accepted by the compiler:

       -ffree-form
       -ffixed-form
           Specify the layout used by the source file.  The free form layout
           was introduced in Fortran 90.  Fixed form was traditionally used in
           older Fortran programs.  When neither option is specified, the
           source form is determined by the file extension.

       -fall-intrinsics
           This option causes all intrinsic procedures (including the GNU-
           specific extensions) to be accepted.  This can be useful with
           -std=f95 to force standard-compliance but get access to the full
           range of intrinsics available with gfortran.  As a consequence,
           -Wintrinsics-std will be ignored and no user-defined procedure with
           the same name as any intrinsic will be called except when it is
           explicitly declared "EXTERNAL".

       -fd-lines-as-code
       -fd-lines-as-comments
           Enable special treatment for lines beginning with "d" or "D" in
           fixed form sources.  If the -fd-lines-as-code option is given they
           are treated as if the first column contained a blank.  If the
           -fd-lines-as-comments option is given, they are treated as comment
           lines.

       -fdefault-double-8
           Set the "DOUBLE PRECISION" type to an 8 byte wide type.  If
           -fdefault-real-8 is given, "DOUBLE PRECISION" would instead be
           promoted to 16 bytes if possible, and -fdefault-double-8 can be
           used to prevent this.  The kind of real constants like "1.d0" will
           not be changed by -fdefault-real-8 though, so also
           -fdefault-double-8 does not affect it.

       -fdefault-integer-8
           Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type.
           Do nothing if this is already the default.  This option also
           affects the kind of integer constants like 42.

       -fdefault-real-8
           Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type.  Do nothing if
           this is already the default.  This option also affects the kind of
           non-double real constants like 1.0, and does promote the default
           width of "DOUBLE PRECISION" to 16 bytes if possible, unless
           "-fdefault-double-8" is given, too.

       -fdollar-ok
           Allow $ as a valid non-first character in a symbol name. Symbols
           that start with $ are rejected since it is unclear which rules to
           apply to implicit typing as different vendors implement different
           rules.  Using $ in "IMPLICIT" statements is also rejected.

       -fbackslash
           Change the interpretation of backslashes in string literals from a
           single backslash character to "C-style" escape characters. The
           following combinations are expanded "\a", "\b", "\f", "\n", "\r",
           "\t", "\v", "\\", and "\0" to the ASCII characters alert,
           backspace, form feed, newline, carriage return, horizontal tab,
           vertical tab, backslash, and NUL, respectively.  Additionally,
           "\x"nn, "\u"nnnn and "\U"nnnnnnnn (where each n is a hexadecimal
           digit) are translated into the Unicode characters corresponding to
           the specified code points. All other combinations of a character
           preceded by \ are unexpanded.

       -fmodule-private
           Set the default accessibility of module entities to "PRIVATE".
           Use-associated entities will not be accessible unless they are
           explicitly declared as "PUBLIC".

       -ffixed-line-length-n
           Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form
           lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as
           if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines.

           Popular values for n include 72 (the standard and the default), 80
           (card image), and 132 (corresponding to "extended-source" options
           in some popular compilers).  n may also be none, meaning that the
           entire line is meaningful and that continued character constants
           never have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out the line.
           -ffixed-line-length-0 means the same thing as
           -ffixed-line-length-none.

       -ffree-line-length-n
           Set column after which characters are ignored in typical free-form
           lines in the source file. The default value is 132.  n may be none,
           meaning that the entire line is meaningful.  -ffree-line-length-0
           means the same thing as -ffree-line-length-none.

       -fmax-identifier-length=n
           Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are
           31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008).

       -fimplicit-none
           Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by
           explicit "IMPLICIT" statements.  This is the equivalent of adding
           "implicit none" to the start of every procedure.

       -finteger-4-integer-8
           Promote all "INTEGER(KIND=4)" entities to an "INTEGER(KIND=8)"
           entities.  If "KIND=8" is unavailable, then an error will be
           issued.  This option should be used with care and may not be
           suitable for your codes.  Areas of possible concern include calls
           to external procedures, alignment in "EQUIVALENCE" and/or "COMMON",
           generic interfaces, BOZ literal constant conversion, and I/O.
           Inspection of the intermediate representation of the translated
           Fortran code, produced by -fdump-tree-original, is suggested.

       -fcray-pointer
           Enable the Cray pointer extension, which provides C-like pointer
           functionality.

       -fopenmp
           Enable the OpenMP extensions.  This includes OpenMP "!$omp"
           directives in free form and "c$omp", *$omp and "!$omp" directives
           in fixed form, "!$" conditional compilation sentinels in free form
           and "c$", "*$" and "!$" sentinels in fixed form, and when linking
           arranges for the OpenMP runtime library to be linked in.  The
           option -fopenmp implies -frecursive.

       -fno-range-check
           Disable range checking on results of simplification of constant
           expressions during compilation.  For example, GNU Fortran will give
           an error at compile time when simplifying "a = 1. / 0".  With this
           option, no error will be given and "a" will be assigned the value
           "+Infinity".  If an expression evaluates to a value outside of the
           relevant range of ["-HUGE()":"HUGE()"], then the expression will be
           replaced by "-Inf" or "+Inf" as appropriate.  Similarly, "DATA
           i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/" will result in an integer overflow on most systems,
           but with -fno-range-check the value will "wrap around" and "i" will
           be initialized to -1 instead.

       -freal-4-real-8
       -freal-4-real-10
       -freal-8-real-4
       -freal-8-real-10
       -freal-8-real-16
           Promote all "REAL(KIND=M)" entities to "REAL(KIND=N)" entities.  If
           "REAL(KIND=N)" is unavailable, then an error will be issued.  All
           other real kind types are unaffected by this option.  These options
           should be used with care and may not be suitable for your codes.
           Areas of possible concern include calls to external procedures,
           alignment in "EQUIVALENCE" and/or "COMMON", generic interfaces, BOZ
           literal constant conversion, and I/O.  Inspection of the
           intermediate representation of the translated Fortran code,
           produced by -fdump-tree-original, is suggested.

       -std=std
           Specify the standard to which the program is expected to conform,
           which may be one of f95, f2003, f2008, gnu, or legacy.  The default
           value for std is gnu, which specifies a superset of the Fortran 95
           standard that includes all of the extensions supported by GNU
           Fortran, although warnings will be given for obsolete extensions
           not recommended for use in new code.  The legacy value is
           equivalent but without the warnings for obsolete extensions, and
           may be useful for old non-standard programs.  The f95, f2003 and
           f2008 values specify strict conformance to the Fortran 95, Fortran
           2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, respectively; errors are given for
           all extensions beyond the relevant language standard, and warnings
           are given for the Fortran 77 features that are permitted but
           obsolescent in later standards. -std=f2008ts allows the Fortran
           2008 standard including the additions of the Technical
           Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran
           with C.

   Enable and customize preprocessing
       Preprocessor related options. See section Preprocessing and conditional
       compilation for more detailed information on preprocessing in gfortran.

       -cpp
       -nocpp
           Enable preprocessing. The preprocessor is automatically invoked if
           the file extension is .fpp, .FPP,  .F, .FOR, .FTN, .F90, .F95, .F03
           or .F08. Use this option to manually enable preprocessing of any
           kind of Fortran file.

           To disable preprocessing of files with any of the above listed
           extensions, use the negative form: -nocpp.

           The preprocessor is run in traditional mode. Any restrictions of
           the file-format, especially the limits on line length, apply for
           preprocessed output as well, so it might be advisable to use the
           -ffree-line-length-none or -ffixed-line-length-none options.

       -dM Instead of the normal output, generate a list of '#define'
           directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the
           preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of
           finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor.
           Assuming you have no file foo.f90, the command

                     touch foo.f90; gfortran -cpp -E -dM foo.f90

           will show all the predefined macros.

       -dD Like -dM except in two respects: it does not include the predefined
           macros, and it outputs both the "#define" directives and the result
           of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the standard output
           file.

       -dN Like -dD, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.

       -dU Like dD except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
           definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output; the
           output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and '#undef'
           directives are also output for macros tested but undefined at the
           time.

       -dI Output '#include' directives in addition to the result of
           preprocessing.

       -fworking-directory
           Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
           will let the compiler know the current working directory at the
           time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the
           preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second
           linemarker with the current working directory followed by two
           slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it is present in the
           preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current working
           directory in some debugging information formats.  This option is
           implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled, but this
           can be inhibited with the negated form -fno-working-directory. If
           the -P flag is present in the command line, this option has no
           effect, since no "#line" directives are emitted whatsoever.

       -idirafter dir
           Search dir for include files, but do it after all directories
           specified with -I and the standard system directories have been
           exhausted. dir is treated as a system include directory.  If dir
           begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot
           prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.

       -imultilib dir
           Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-
           specific C++ headers.

       -iprefix prefix
           Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
           If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
           '/'.

       -isysroot dir
           This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to
           header files. See the --sysroot option for more information.

       -iquote dir
           Search dir only for header files requested with "#include "file"";
           they are not searched for "#include <file>", before all directories
           specified by -I and before the standard system directories. If dir
           begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot
           prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.

       -isystem dir
           Search dir for header files, after all directories specified by -I
           but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a system
           directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied
           to the standard system directories. If dir begins with "=", then
           the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see --sysroot and
           -isysroot.

       -nostdinc
           Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
           Only the directories you have specified with -I options (and the
           directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.

       -undef
           Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros.  The
           standard predefined macros remain defined.

       -Apredicate=answer
           Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
           This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
           which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
           characters.

       -A-predicate=answer
           Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.

       -C  Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
           output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
           deleted along with the directive.

           You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
           the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
           For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
           directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
           ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
           longer a '#'.

           Warning: this currently handles C-Style comments only. The
           preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.

       -CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
           like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
           passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.

           In addition to the side-effects of the -C option, the -CC option
           causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
           C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro from
           inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line. The
           -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.

           Warning: this currently handles C- and C++-Style comments only. The
           preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.

       -Dname
           Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

       -Dname=definition
           The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they
           appeared during translation phase three in a '#define' directive.
           In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline
           characters.

           If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
           program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
           characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.

           If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
           write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
           equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so
           you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh,
           "-D'name(args...)=definition'" works.

           -D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the
           command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are
           processed after all -D and -U options.

       -H  Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
           normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
           '#include' stack it is.

       -P  Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
           preprocessor.  This might be useful when running the preprocessor
           on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
           which might be confused by the linemarkers.

       -Uname
           Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided
           with a -D option.

   Options to request or suppress errors and warnings
       Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the GNU Fortran
       compiler cannot compile the relevant piece of source code.  The
       compiler will continue to process the program in an attempt to report
       further errors to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled
       output.

       Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are
       not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is likely
       to be a bug in the program.  Unless -Werror is specified, they do not
       prevent compilation of the program.

       You can request many specific warnings with options beginning -W, for
       example -Wimplicit to request warnings on implicit declarations.  Each
       of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning
       -Wno- to turn off warnings; for example, -Wno-implicit.  This manual
       lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default.

       These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings
       produced by GNU Fortran:

       -fmax-errors=n
           Limits the maximum number of error messages to n, at which point
           GNU Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue processing
           the source code.  If n is 0, there is no limit on the number of
           error messages produced.

       -fsyntax-only
           Check the code for syntax errors, but do not actually compile it.
           This will generate module files for each module present in the
           code, but no other output file.

       -pedantic
           Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95.  -pedantic
           also applies to C-language constructs where they occur in GNU
           Fortran source files, such as use of \e in a character constant
           within a directive like "#include".

           Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without
           this option.  However, without this option, certain GNU extensions
           and traditional Fortran features are supported as well.  With this
           option, many of them are rejected.

           Some users try to use -pedantic to check programs for conformance.
           They soon find that it does not do quite what they want---it finds
           some nonstandard practices, but not all.  However, improvements to
           GNU Fortran in this area are welcome.

           This should be used in conjunction with -std=f95, -std=f2003 or
           -std=f2008.

       -pedantic-errors
           Like -pedantic, except that errors are produced rather than
           warnings.

       -Wall
           Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that we
           recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid.  This
           currently includes -Waliasing, -Wampersand, -Wconversion,
           -Wsurprising, -Wintrinsics-std, -Wno-tabs, -Wintrinsic-shadow,
           -Wline-truncation, -Wreal-q-constant and -Wunused.

       -Waliasing
           Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it
           warns if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy
           argument with "INTENT(IN)" and a dummy argument with "INTENT(OUT)"
           in a call with an explicit interface.

           The following example will trigger the warning.

                     interface
                       subroutine bar(a,b)
                         integer, intent(in) :: a
                         integer, intent(out) :: b
                       end subroutine
                     end interface
                     integer :: a

                     call bar(a,a)

       -Wampersand
           Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The
           warning is given with -Wampersand, -pedantic, -std=f95, -std=f2003
           and -std=f2008. Note: With no ampersand given in a continued
           character constant, GNU Fortran assumes continuation at the first
           non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand that
           initiated the continuation.

       -Warray-temporaries
           Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler.  The
           information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in
           optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries.

       -Wcharacter-truncation
           Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string.

       -Wline-truncation
           Warn when a source code line will be truncated.

       -Wconversion
           Warn about implicit conversions that are likely to change the value
           of the expression after conversion. Implied by -Wall.

       -Wconversion-extra
           Warn about implicit conversions between different types and kinds.

       -Wimplicit-interface
           Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface.  Note
           this only checks that an explicit interface is present.  It does
           not check that the declared interfaces are consistent across
           program units.

       -Wimplicit-procedure
           Warn if a procedure is called that has neither an explicit
           interface nor has been declared as "EXTERNAL".

       -Wintrinsics-std
           Warn if gfortran finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not
           available in the currently selected standard (with -std) and treats
           it as "EXTERNAL" procedure because of this.  -fall-intrinsics can
           be used to never trigger this behavior and always link to the
           intrinsic regardless of the selected standard.

       -Wreal-q-constant
           Produce a warning if a real-literal-constant contains a "q"
           exponent-letter.

       -Wsurprising
           Produce a warning when "suspicious" code constructs are
           encountered.  While technically legal these usually indicate that
           an error has been made.

           This currently produces a warning under the following
           circumstances:

           o   An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be
               matched as its lower value is greater than its upper value.

           o   A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements.

           o   A TRANSFER specifies a source that is shorter than the
               destination.

           o   The type of a function result is declared more than once with
               the same type.  If -pedantic or standard-conforming mode is
               enabled, this is an error.

           o   A "CHARACTER" variable is declared with negative length.

       -Wtabs
           By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not
           members of the Fortran Character Set.  For continuation lines, a
           tab followed by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported.  -Wno-tabs
           will cause a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note,
           -Wno-tabs is active for -pedantic, -std=f95, -std=f2003, -std=f2008
           and -Wall.

       -Wunderflow
           Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are
           encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation.

       -Wintrinsic-shadow
           Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same
           name as an intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or
           "EXTERNAL" or "INTRINSIC" declaration might be needed to get calls
           later resolved to the desired intrinsic/procedure.

       -Wunused-dummy-argument
           Warn about unused dummy arguments. This option is implied by -Wall.

       -Wunused-parameter
           Contrary to gcc's meaning of -Wunused-parameter, gfortran's
           implementation of this option does not warn about unused dummy
           arguments (see -Wunused-dummy-argument), but about unused
           "PARAMETER" values. -Wunused-parameter is not included in -Wall but
           is implied by -Wall -Wextra.

       -Walign-commons
           By default, gfortran warns about any occasion of variables being
           padded for proper alignment inside a "COMMON" block. This warning
           can be turned off via -Wno-align-commons. See also -falign-commons.

       -Wfunction-elimination
           Warn if any calls to functions are eliminated by the optimizations
           enabled by the -ffrontend-optimize option.

       -Werror
           Turns all warnings into errors.

       Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in
       Fortran.

   Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran
       GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging
       either your program or the GNU Fortran compiler.

       -fdump-fortran-original
           Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program
           into internal representation.  Only really useful for debugging the
           GNU Fortran compiler itself.

       -fdump-optimized-tree
           Output the parse tree after front-end optimization.  Only really
           useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself.

           Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program
           into internal representation.  Only really useful for debugging the
           GNU Fortran compiler itself.  This option is deprecated; use
           "-fdump-fortran-original" instead.

       -ffpe-trap=list
           Specify a list of floating point exception traps to enable.  On
           most systems, if a floating point exception occurs and the trap for
           that exception is enabled, a SIGFPE signal will be sent and the
           program being aborted, producing a core file useful for debugging.
           list is a (possibly empty) comma-separated list of the following
           exceptions: invalid (invalid floating point operation, such as
           "SQRT(-1.0)"), zero (division by zero), overflow (overflow in a
           floating point operation), underflow (underflow in a floating point
           operation), inexact (loss of precision during operation), and
           denormal (operation performed on a denormal value).  The first five
           exceptions correspond to the five IEEE 754 exceptions, whereas the
           last one (denormal) is not part of the IEEE 754 standard but is
           available on some common architectures such as x86.

           The first three exceptions (invalid, zero, and overflow) often
           indicate serious errors, and unless the program has provisions for
           dealing with these exceptions, enabling traps for these three
           exceptions is probably a good idea.

           Many, if not most, floating point operations incur loss of
           precision due to rounding, and hence the "ffpe-trap=inexact" is
           likely to be uninteresting in practice.

           By default no exception traps are enabled.

       -fno-backtrace
           When a serious runtime error is encountered or a deadly signal is
           emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus error,
           floating-point exception, and the other POSIX signals that have the
           action core), the Fortran runtime library tries to output a
           backtrace of the error. "-fno-backtrace" disables the backtrace
           generation. This option only has influence for compilation of the
           Fortran main program.

   Options for directory search
       These options affect how GNU Fortran searches for files specified by
       the "INCLUDE" directive and where it searches for previously compiled
       modules.

       It also affects the search paths used by cpp when used to preprocess
       Fortran source.

       -Idir
           These affect interpretation of the "INCLUDE" directive (as well as
           of the "#include" directive of the cpp preprocessor).

           Also note that the general behavior of -I and "INCLUDE" is pretty
           much the same as of -I with "#include" in the cpp preprocessor,
           with regard to looking for header.gcc files and other such things.

           This path is also used to search for .mod files when previously
           compiled modules are required by a "USE" statement.

       -Jdir
           This option specifies where to put .mod files for compiled modules.
           It is also added to the list of directories to searched by an "USE"
           statement.

           The default is the current directory.

       -fintrinsic-modules-path dir
           This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic
           modules, if they are not in the default location expected by the
           compiler.

   Influencing the linking step
       These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
       an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not
       doing a link step.

       -static-libgfortran
           On systems that provide libgfortran as a shared and a static
           library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no
           shared version of libgfortran was built when the compiler was
           configured, this option has no effect.

   Influencing runtime behavior
       These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with GNU
       Fortran.

       -fconvert=conversion
           Specify the representation of data for unformatted files.  Valid
           values for conversion are: native, the default; swap, swap between
           big- and little-endian; big-endian, use big-endian representation
           for unformatted files; little-endian, use little-endian
           representation for unformatted files.

           This option has an effect only when used in the main program.  The
           "CONVERT" specifier and the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment
           variable override the default specified by -fconvert.

       -fno-range-check
           Disable range checking of input values during integer "READ"
           operations.  For example, GNU Fortran will give an error if an
           input value is outside of the relevant range of
           ["-HUGE()":"HUGE()"]. In other words, with "INTEGER (kind=4) :: i"
           , attempting to read -2147483648 will give an error unless
           -fno-range-check is given.

       -frecord-marker=length
           Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files.  Valid
           values for length are 4 and 8.  Default is 4.  This is different
           from previous versions of gfortran, which specified a default
           record marker length of 8 on most systems.  If you want to read or
           write files compatible with earlier versions of gfortran, use
           -frecord-marker=8.

       -fmax-subrecord-length=length
           Specify the maximum length for a subrecord.  The maximum permitted
           value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default.  Only
           really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite.

       -fsign-zero
           When enabled, floating point numbers of value zero with the sign
           bit set are written as negative number in formatted output and
           treated as negative in the "SIGN" intrinsic.  -fno-sign-zero does
           not print the negative sign of zero values (or values rounded to
           zero for I/O) and regards zero as positive number in the "SIGN"
           intrinsic for compatibility with Fortran 77. The default is
           -fsign-zero.

   Options for code generation conventions
       These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
       used in code generation.

       Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
       of -ffoo would be -fno-foo.  In the table below, only one of the forms
       is listed---the one which is not the default.  You can figure out the
       other form by either removing no- or adding it.

       -fno-automatic
           Treat each program unit (except those marked as RECURSIVE) as if
           the "SAVE" statement were specified for every local variable and
           array referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some
           Fortran compilers provide this option under the name -static or
           -save.)  The default, which is -fautomatic, uses the stack for
           local variables smaller than the value given by
           -fmax-stack-var-size.  Use the option -frecursive to use no static
           memory.

       -ff2c
           Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated by g77
           and f2c.

           The calling conventions used by g77 (originally implemented in f2c)
           require functions that return type default "REAL" to actually
           return the C type "double", and functions that return type
           "COMPLEX" to return the values via an extra argument in the calling
           sequence that points to where to store the return value.  Under the
           default GNU calling conventions, such functions simply return their
           results as they would in GNU C---default "REAL" functions return
           the C type "float", and "COMPLEX" functions return the GNU C type
           "complex".  Additionally, this option implies the
           -fsecond-underscore option, unless -fno-second-underscore is
           explicitly requested.

           This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with
           the libgfortran library.

           Caution: It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with
           -ff2c with code compiled with the default -fno-f2c calling
           conventions as, calling "COMPLEX" or default "REAL" functions
           between program parts which were compiled with different calling
           conventions will break at execution time.

           Caution: This will break code which passes intrinsic functions of
           type default "REAL" or "COMPLEX" as actual arguments, as the
           library implementations use the -fno-f2c calling conventions.

       -fno-underscoring
           Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source
           file by appending underscores to them.

           With -funderscoring in effect, GNU Fortran appends one underscore
           to external names with no underscores.  This is done to ensure
           compatibility with code produced by many UNIX Fortran compilers.

           Caution: The default behavior of GNU Fortran is incompatible with
           f2c and g77, please use the -ff2c option if you want object files
           compiled with GNU Fortran to be compatible with object code created
           with these tools.

           Use of -fno-underscoring is not recommended unless you are
           experimenting with issues such as integration of GNU Fortran into
           existing system environments (vis-a-vis existing libraries, tools,
           and so on).

           For example, with -funderscoring, and assuming other defaults like
           -fcase-lower and that "j()" and "max_count()" are external
           functions while "my_var" and "lvar" are local variables, a
           statement like

                   I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)

           is implemented as something akin to:

                   i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar);

           With -fno-underscoring, the same statement is implemented as:

                   i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);

           Use of -fno-underscoring allows direct specification of user-
           defined names while debugging and when interfacing GNU Fortran code
           with other languages.

           Note that just because the names match does not mean that the
           interface implemented by GNU Fortran for an external name matches
           the interface implemented by some other language for that same
           name.  That is, getting code produced by GNU Fortran to link to
           code produced by some other compiler using this or any other method
           can be only a small part of the overall solution---getting the code
           generated by both compilers to agree on issues other than naming
           can require significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements,
           linkers normally cannot detect disagreements in these other areas.

           Also, note that with -fno-underscoring, the lack of appended
           underscores introduces the very real possibility that a user-
           defined external name will conflict with a name in a system
           library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite
           difficult in some cases---they might occur at program run time, and
           show up only as buggy behavior at run time.

           In future versions of GNU Fortran we hope to improve naming and
           linking issues so that debugging always involves using the names as
           they appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker
           are mangled to prevent accidental linking between procedures with
           incompatible interfaces.

       -fno-whole-file
           This flag causes the compiler to resolve and translate each
           procedure in a file separately.

           By default, the whole file is parsed and placed in a single front-
           end tree.  During resolution, in addition to all the usual checks
           and fixups, references to external procedures that are in the same
           file effect resolution of that procedure, if not already done, and
           a check of the interfaces.  The dependences are resolved by
           changing the order in which the file is translated into the backend
           tree.  Thus, a procedure that is referenced is translated before
           the reference and the duplication of backend tree declarations
           eliminated.

           The -fno-whole-file option is deprecated and may lead to wrong
           code.

       -fsecond-underscore
           By default, GNU Fortran appends an underscore to external names.
           If this option is used GNU Fortran appends two underscores to names
           with underscores and one underscore to external names with no
           underscores.  GNU Fortran also appends two underscores to internal
           names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external
           names.

           This option has no effect if -fno-underscoring is in effect.  It is
           implied by the -ff2c option.

           Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as "MAX_COUNT"
           is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol
           "max_count__", instead of "max_count_".  This is required for
           compatibility with g77 and f2c, and is implied by use of the -ff2c
           option.

       -fcoarray=<keyword>
           none
               Disable coarray support; using coarray declarations and image-
               control statements will produce a compile-time error. (Default)

           single
               Single-image mode, i.e. "num_images()" is always one.

           lib Library-based coarray parallelization; a suitable GNU Fortran
               coarray library needs to be linked.

       -fcheck=<keyword>
           Enable the generation of run-time checks; the argument shall be a
           comma-delimited list of the following keywords.

           all Enable all run-time test of -fcheck.

           array-temps
               Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a
               temporary array had to be generated. The information generated
               by this warning is sometimes useful in optimization, in order
               to avoid such temporaries.

               Note: The warning is only printed once per location.

           bounds
               Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts and
               against the declared minimum and maximum values.  It also
               checks array indices for assumed and deferred shape arrays
               against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all string
               lengths are equal for character array constructors without an
               explicit typespec.

               Some checks require that -fcheck=bounds is set for the
               compilation of the main program.

               Note: In the future this may also include other forms of
               checking, e.g., checking substring references.

           do  Enable generation of run-time checks for invalid modification
               of loop iteration variables.

           mem Enable generation of run-time checks for memory allocation.
               Note: This option does not affect explicit allocations using
               the "ALLOCATE" statement, which will be always checked.

           pointer
               Enable generation of run-time checks for pointers and
               allocatables.

           recursion
               Enable generation of run-time checks for recursively called
               subroutines and functions which are not marked as recursive.
               See also -frecursive.  Note: This check does not work for
               OpenMP programs and is disabled if used together with
               -frecursive and -fopenmp.

       -fbounds-check
           Deprecated alias for -fcheck=bounds.

       -fcheck-array-temporaries
           Deprecated alias for -fcheck=array-temps.

       -fmax-array-constructor=n
           This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in
           array constructors.  The code below requires this option to expand
           the array at compile time.

                   program test
                   implicit none
                   integer j
                   integer, parameter :: n = 100000
                   integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /)
                   print '(10(I0,1X))', i
                   end program test

           Caution:  This option can lead to long compile times and
           excessively large object files.

           The default value for n is 65535.

       -fmax-stack-var-size=n
           This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that
           will be put on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is
           used (except in procedures marked as RECURSIVE). Use the option
           -frecursive to allow for recursive procedures which do not have a
           RECURSIVE attribute or for parallel programs. Use -fno-automatic to
           never use the stack.

           This option currently only affects local arrays declared with
           constant bounds, and may not apply to all character variables.
           Future versions of GNU Fortran may improve this behavior.

           The default value for n is 32768.

       -fstack-arrays
           Adding this option will make the Fortran compiler put all local
           arrays, even those of unknown size onto stack memory.  If your
           program uses very large local arrays it is possible that you will
           have to extend your runtime limits for stack memory on some
           operating systems. This flag is enabled by default at optimization
           level -Ofast.

       -fpack-derived
           This option tells GNU Fortran to pack derived type members as
           closely as possible.  Code compiled with this option is likely to
           be incompatible with code compiled without this option, and may
           execute slower.

       -frepack-arrays
           In some circumstances GNU Fortran may pass assumed shape array
           sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of
           memory.  This option adds code to the function prologue to repack
           the data into a contiguous block at runtime.

           This should result in faster accesses to the array.  However it can
           introduce significant overhead to the function call, especially
           when the passed data is noncontiguous.

       -fshort-enums
           This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was
           compiled with the -fshort-enums option.  It will make GNU Fortran
           choose the smallest "INTEGER" kind a given enumerator set will fit
           in, and give all its enumerators this kind.

       -fexternal-blas
           This option will make gfortran generate calls to BLAS functions for
           some matrix operations like "MATMUL", instead of using our own
           algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a
           given limit (see -fblas-matmul-limit).  This may be profitable if
           an optimized vendor BLAS library is available.  The BLAS library
           will have to be specified at link time.

       -fblas-matmul-limit=n
           Only significant when -fexternal-blas is in effect.  Matrix
           multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) n
           will be performed by calls to BLAS functions, while others will be
           handled by gfortran internal algorithms. If the matrices involved
           are not square, the size comparison is performed using the
           geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result
           matrices.

           The default value for n is 30.

       -frecursive
           Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be
           allocated on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with
           -fmax-stack-var-size= or -fno-automatic.

       -finit-local-zero
       -finit-integer=n
       -finit-real=<zero|inf|-inf|nan|snan>
       -finit-logical=<true|false>
       -finit-character=n
           The -finit-local-zero option instructs the compiler to initialize
           local "INTEGER", "REAL", and "COMPLEX" variables to zero, "LOGICAL"
           variables to false, and "CHARACTER" variables to a string of null
           bytes.  Finer-grained initialization options are provided by the
           -finit-integer=n, -finit-real=<zero|inf|-inf|nan|snan> (which also
           initializes the real and imaginary parts of local "COMPLEX"
           variables), -finit-logical=<true|false>, and -finit-character=n
           (where n is an ASCII character value) options.  These options do
           not initialize

           o   allocatable arrays

           o   components of derived type variables

           o   variables that appear in an "EQUIVALENCE" statement.

           (These limitations may be removed in future releases).

           Note that the -finit-real=nan option initializes "REAL" and
           "COMPLEX" variables with a quiet NaN. For a signalling NaN use
           -finit-real=snan; note, however, that compile-time optimizations
           may convert them into quiet NaN and that trapping needs to be
           enabled (e.g. via -ffpe-trap).

           Finally, note that enabling any of the -finit-* options will
           silence warnings that would have been emitted by -Wuninitialized
           for the affected local variables.

       -falign-commons
           By default, gfortran enforces proper alignment of all variables in
           a "COMMON" block by padding them as needed. On certain platforms
           this is mandatory, on others it increases performance. If a
           "COMMON" block is not declared with consistent data types
           everywhere, this padding can cause trouble, and -fno-align-commons
           can be used to disable automatic alignment. The same form of this
           option should be used for all files that share a "COMMON" block.
           To avoid potential alignment issues in "COMMON" blocks, it is
           recommended to order objects from largest to smallest.

       -fno-protect-parens
           By default the parentheses in expression are honored for all
           optimization levels such that the compiler does not do any re-
           association. Using -fno-protect-parens allows the compiler to
           reorder "REAL" and "COMPLEX" expressions to produce faster code.
           Note that for the re-association optimization -fno-signed-zeros and
           -fno-trapping-math need to be in effect. The parentheses protection
           is enabled by default, unless -Ofast is given.

       -frealloc-lhs
           An allocatable left-hand side of an intrinsic assignment is
           automatically (re)allocated if it is either unallocated or has a
           different shape. The option is enabled by default except when
           -std=f95 is given.

       -faggressive-function-elimination
           Functions with identical argument lists are eliminated within
           statements, regardless of whether these functions are marked "PURE"
           or not. For example, in

                     a = f(b,c) + f(b,c)

           there will only be a single call to "f".  This option only works if
           -ffrontend-optimize is in effect.

       -ffrontend-optimize
           This option performs front-end optimization, based on manipulating
           parts the Fortran parse tree.  Enabled by default by any -O option.
           Optimizations enabled by this option include elimination of
           identical function calls within expressions, removing unnecessary
           calls to "TRIM" in comparisons and assignments and replacing
           TRIM(a) with "a(1:LEN_TRIM(a))".  It can be deselected by
           specifying -fno-frontend-optimize.

ENVIRONMENT
       The gfortran compiler currently does not make use of any environment
       variables to control its operation above and beyond those that affect
       the operation of gcc.

BUGS
       For instructions on reporting bugs, see
       <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.7/README.Bugs>.

SEE ALSO
       gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), cpp(1), gcov(1), gcc(1), as(1), ld(1),
       gdb(1), adb(1), dbx(1), sdb(1) and the Info entries for gcc, cpp,
       gfortran, as, ld, binutils and gdb.

AUTHOR
       See the Info entry for gfortran for contributors to GCC and GNU
       Fortran.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free
       Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
       any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
       Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts
       being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see
       below).  A copy of the license is included in the gfdl(7) man page.

       (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

            A GNU Manual

       (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

            You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
            software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
            funds for GNU development.



gcc-4.7                           2013-04-11                       GFORTRAN(1)
